🔹 1. Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones (a) Oxidation of Primary Alcohols → Aldehydes (b) Oxidation of Secondary Alcohols → Ketones 🔹 2. Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones (a) Reduction to Alcohols (b) Reaction with HCN (Nucleophilic Addition) 🔹 3. Mechanism: Nucleophilic Addition of HCN Steps: General Mechanism: 🔹 4. Detection Using 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine (2,4-DNPH) 🔹 […]
Carbonyl compounds Read More »
Physical Properties of the Group 17 Elements 1. Colours and Trend in Volatility of Cl₂, Br₂, I₂ Element Colour (at room temperature) Physical State Volatility Cl₂ Pale green gas Gas High (most volatile) Br₂ Red-brown liquid Liquid Moderate I₂ Shiny grey-black solid (purple vapour) Solid Low (least volatile) 2. Trend in Bond Strength of Halogen
🔷 Periodicity of Physical Properties of Period 3 Elements (Na to Ar) 1. Atomic Radius 2. Ionic Radius 3. Melting Point 4. Electrical Conductivity 🔷 Periodicity of Chemical Properties of Period 3 Elements 1. Reactions with Oxygen Element Product Equation Na Sodium oxide 4Na + O₂ → 2Na₂O Mg Magnesium oxide 2Mg + O₂ →
Chemical periodicity Read More »